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                <text>Kawagama Lake Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assessment</text>
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                <text>Chantal Lefevre&#13;
Parker Garrod</text>
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                <text>Kawagama Lake Cottagers Association, Adam Pifko</text>
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                <text>Jim Buttle&#13;
Tom Whillans</text>
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                <text>Kawagama Lake, Haliburton County</text>
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                <text>Six sites along the shoreline of Kawagama Lake were sampled in the fall of 2019 to determine the composition of their benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Results from the project were inconclusive, but show that Kawagama Lake has some relatively pristine areas of shoreline with little to no disturbance. The project authors recommend that sampling continues in the fall of each year in order to determine the overall health of Kawagama Lake with more certainty.</text>
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                <text>Matthew Smith&#13;
Sevda Lag&#13;
Ian Warburton&#13;
Devin Claypole&#13;
Carlie O'Brien</text>
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                <text>Haliburton Highlands Land Trust, Greg Wickware</text>
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                <text>Tom Whillans, School of the Environment</text>
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                <text>Salamanders, Wildlife Biology, Environmental Science</text>
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                <text>Salamanders are an important part in any biotic community. There is great concern regarding the decline of salamanders as a whole and not just one individual species however monitoring these species requires that we have an idea on the current populations so that we can continue to monitor and implement conservation strategies with enough time before these species are lost (Smith &amp; Petranka, 2000).&#13;
Salamanders have unique traits that make them favourable indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem health. Characteristics being their durability, small size, sensitivity to anthropogenic stressors such as acid rain, and other industrial and household pollutants (Welsh &amp; Droege, 2001) Salamanders existence in North America in high densities and biomass alongside there sensitivity to environmental change makes them excellent indicators for environmental changes (Welsh &amp; Droege, 2001). The sensitivity of the salamanders derives from their semipermeable slim skin that absorbs any contaminated or natural water, as well as harmful toxins in their environment hence why salamanders are less dense in populations near cities (Mattson, 2019). Monitoring is utilized for salamanders due to the fact that they are sensitive to environmental change and act as bioindicators to detect the change in ecosystems over time (Saber et al. 2017).</text>
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                <text>Haliburton Lake Community Benthos Biomonitoring Project 2019</text>
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                <text>Brendan Martin&#13;
Joseph Gentile&#13;
Hannah Williams&#13;
Stephanie Barrie&#13;
Julia Herault</text>
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                <text>Haliburton Lake Cottagers' Association, Lindsay Bevan</text>
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                <text>Erin McGauley, Environmental Technology</text>
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                <text>Haliburton Lake, Haliburton County</text>
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                <text>Haliburton Lake Cottagers' Association partnered with Fleming College and U-Links to begin determining the health of Haliburton Lake using benthic macroinvertebrates. Two sites were sampled as part of this pilot project in an attempt to begin understanding the health of Haliburton Lake. After only one sampling event it is difficult to determine what the state of Haliburton Lake is with great certainty. Future sampling events will need to be completed and additional sites should be considered in future sampling events in order to gain a better understanding of the broader health of the lake. Based on the sites analyzed in 2019, Haliburton Lake is somewhere in the range of “fair” to “fairly poor” indicating that there is likely some form of organic pollution entering the lake. The extent and location of this pollution is unclear at this time and more sampling will be required to determine if this pollution is human caused; if it is being produced from a single source or more broadly throughout the lake; and whether it is improving, remaining stable, or getting worse as time progresses. At the same time, however, the presence of large numbers of usually sensitive groupings indicates that there are complexities at play in Haliburton Lake that will require further research to understand. It is recommended that sampling continue in subsequent years in order to gain a better understanding of the overall health of the lake and to potentially locate sites that can be improved to better the health of the lake.</text>
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                <text>Aquatic Health Assessment of Gull Lake</text>
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                <text>Tessa Radimer&#13;
Natasha Prytulka</text>
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                <text>Tom Whillans, School of the Environment&#13;
David Beresford, Biology</text>
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                <text>Gull Lake is a small water body located in the southeastern part of Haliburton County, Ontario. It is part of the Gull River watershed, located in the Canadian Shield, with water inflow coming from lakes and rivers situated northeast of the site. Three sites were sampled for benthos and were based on a previous study conducted in 2013. Results indicated that disturbances are possible, but more sampling is required in order to determine the baseline health of the lake.</text>
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                <text>This project is a part of a larger program aimed at determining the health of Haliburton County’s lakes through the use of benthic macroinvertebrates. The Halls and Hawk Lake Property Owners Association (HHLPOA) was interested in determining the health of their lakes through the collection and analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates; small, spineless organisms that live on the lake bottom. After consultation with the HHLPOA, Ian McBain sampled the selected sites along the shoreline of Halls Lake, identified any benthos down to order, then analyzed the data using internationally recognized indices. While this project is still in its preliminary phase and many years of data are required to determine the health of the lake with any certainty, Ian’s analysis showed that Halls Lake is of adequate health but could likely improve further. A continuation of this project will take place during the Fall of 2020.</text>
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                <text>SIRCH Thrift Warehouse is an example of a reuse store, and this organization would like to know how much material they are effectively diverting from landfill through their operations. The goal of this report is to outline multiple options that SIRCH could potentially use to quantify the amount of donations they receive. Subsequently, SIRCH can use this information to determine how much material they are diverting from landfill. The student team consulted multiple outside sources to gain an understanding of how other reuse stores quantify their donations.&#13;
​&#13;
The options that the team explored in Chapter 1 include 1) weighing the items donated, 2) using an average weight and applying it to all donations and 3) associating a weight with a specific volume and quantifying the donations through volume. Chapter 2 makes recommendations for how most donations could be measured by the cubic yard using appropriately sized bins. Chapters 2 and 3 both make recommendations for grant programs related to waste diversion and waste reduction that SIRCH could consider applying to. Also in Chapter 3, student explored examples of existing municipal-thrift partnerships, and what practices could be applied to the SIRCH warehouse. The final chapter is a review of thrifting and thrift stores in Canada.</text>
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                <text>This six-part follow-up project is an assessment of Haliburton Forest’s main parking area and includes recommendations to revitalize the space. Part 1 details the history and current state of the forest, establishes a vision for the project, includes a site inventory, and examines site potential and potential challenges. Part 2 contains a detailed literature review of ‘green’ parking lot design and maintenance options including de-icers and dust suppressants options, invasive species management, rainwater capture technology, and innovative pavement options. In Part 3, various potential design options are presented and discussed.&#13;
&#13;
The final site design is presented in Part 4 and followed by Part 5 which summarizes the material and immaterial costs of the design. This section also discusses the benefits associated with the design. The final section, Part 6, provides environmental, social, and economic frameworks and discussions that justify the designs implementation. The final plan includes details for the inclusion of a pavilion, playgrounds, planters, a submarine display, a bird garden, signage, and pervious asphalt (which offers improved drainage over regular paving).</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this project is to provide an overview of the role of moose in QEII and insights into best management practices. Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park in a non-operating park in South-Central Ontario and falls within two wildlife management unit (WMU). The 33,505-hectare park is mostly with WMU 56, with the northwestern portion of the park being in WMU 53. The park is a mixed wood ecozone and is used for canoeing, hiking, and backcountry camping. The eastern moose plays an important role within this ecosystem as food for large predators, by contributing to nutrient cycling, and as natural vegetation control. They also have cultural significance, especially for the 30 Indigenous communities in the area.&#13;
​&#13;
The range of eastern moose includes eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. In Ontario, they can be found in northern and central Ontario. Their habitat requirements include areas for foraging, travelling, and for shelter and calving. For their diet they need year-round access to both evergreen and deciduous trees, as well as to aquatic ecosystems such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands in the warmer months. Moose populations in the area have been in decline since the 1990s. The primary factors in moose mortality are climate change, parasites, vehicle collisions, habitat loss, and hunting. Management opportunities include remote sensing, evaluating the need for rut season closures and/or buffers around critical habitat features, opportunities for co-management with local Indigenous communities, and exploring adaptive measure to reduce the climate vulnerability of the eastern moose.</text>
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                <text>This project is an investigation into how single-use plastic consumptions can be reduced at Haliburton County Farmers’ Markets. It includes a literature review of existing alternatives to single-use plastics, surveys and interviews. HCFMA conducted vendor surveys, which Gallupe and Sallans then analyzed. The students also surveyed 145 market customers. Surveys focused on current market practices and opinions on potential improvements as the related to single-use plastics. Interview were also conducted with Market Managers from other Canadian farmers’ markets that have been working to lower their plastic consumption and distribution.&#13;
&#13;
The study showed that 41% of market vendors self-report already avoiding single-use plastics. The most commonly reported single use plastic item at the markets was plastic bags. Customer surveys showed general support for reducing plastic at the markets and that most respondents would be willing to pay slightly more for more sustainable packaging ($0.05-$1.00). Recommendations for HCFMA include posting infographic for customers, creating vendor policies around plastic use, and potentially implementing a reusable dishes program and washing station, and/or conducting a waste audit.</text>
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                <text>We evaluate how the U-Links Centre for Community-Based Research (U-Links), a nonprofit organization that brokers research for community-based organizations with postsecondary institutions in Haliburton County, Ontario, has impacted this rural region of Ontario. Our approach uses contribution analysis and realist evaluation as layered tactics within one program evaluation. Data came from interviews with community partners (n = 26), interviews and focus groups with U-Links committee members, internal document review, and personal observations by the authors. We describe U-Links’ theory of change for how community-based research impacts community, discuss traits of successful community-based research, and suggest a set of five factors that may enable and affect positive community outcomes: relevance, rigor, reach, relationships, and resources.</text>
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                <text>Formative evaluation of the 2019 Benthos Biomonitoring Pilot Project. &#13;
&#13;
In 2019, The TCCBE applied for a Trillium SEED grant under the Green People category in collaboration with U-Links to launch a pilot project that would address the increasing needs of the local lake associations for regular benthic biomonitoring. The pilot project also facilitated vital&#13;
field experience for students enrolled in community-based research courses under the Community Based Education (CBE) program.&#13;
&#13;
The evaluation was completed by systematically reviewing the project records to determine progress towards milestones; first-person observation of program implementation; conducting a series of interviews and online surveys with stakeholder groups that focused on whether any changes should be made to the existing project design in place and whether the evidence&#13;
supports an application for funding support; and reviewing the literature in place that supports the project design.&#13;
&#13;
The specific questions that were asked of each group (see Appendix 1) attempted to gauge the progress towards objectives for the pilot submitted in the application for the Trillium SEED Grant.&#13;
A total of thirteen stakeholders, including lake association members, students, U-Links staff and faculty from Trent University and Fleming College were surveyed or interviewed. The interviewees represented a range of involvement with the project.&#13;
&#13;
The report concluded that TCCBE and U-Links have made significant and positive progress on every milestone they set out to achieve, much of it earlier than originally anticipated, and that there is confidence amongst stakeholders in the effectiveness of the model. Moreover, the implementation of this project  led to some important quality assurance decisions as well as some new partnerships that will ensure the model will continue to align with best practices while scaling up to meet the research needs of community organizations in multiple geographic areas.&#13;
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                <text>Trent University has an incredible environmental science program, yet only has a few options for service-learning opportunities for students. Designing service-learning courses for Trent University students can help them to gain valuable field skills that many environmental sector employers are looking for, in today's job market. There are many environmental monitoring protocols that could be learned and executed by students, toward a credit at Trent, while also helping communities that have specific environmental monitoring needs gather specific baseline data sets. Many of the necessary monitoring protocols would be suitable for an environmental monitoring fieldwork service-learning course for Trent students. At the same time, students could also assist community organizations by helping them to start their own monitoring or citizen science programs. This report further explores how best to design an environmental monitoring course for Trent University.</text>
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                <text>‘Food Security for Seniors and Adults with Disabilities in Haliburton County’ is a study designed to research the barriers influencing the availability of healthy food for seniors and adults with disabilities in rural areas. Part of this project involved a survey with Community Care Haliburton clients and the other part involved interviewing program coordinators of food organizations and/or initiatives within the Haliburton County. The ultimate goal of the project was to gather enough information to seek funding to support further studies and to generate solutions to food security and barriers to accessing food. The study suggests that there is a strong demand for fresh fruits and vegetables for seniors and adults with disabilities, and finances are a major barrier for both clients and providers to obtain fresh fruits and vegetables. The capacity for organizations to store large amounts of produce is another major barrier for food organizations. Organizations and community members recognize the value in advocating for their selves and the community through partnership and innovation.</text>
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                <text>The Windy Pine Conference Centre is a 25-acre property located on Kushog Lake, north of Minden in the County of Haliburton. The Conference Centre was developed prior to new shoreline ordinances which require a 30m setback on lake-side properties. The combination of near shore development, variable water-levels on Kushog Lake, and naturally thin soils along the rocky shoreline have enabled areas of concerning erosion along the 300m natural shoreline of the Windy Pine Property (Trent University, n.d.). Other possible causes of shoreline erosion may include wave washing and ice movement (MNRF et al , 2011). A previous shoreline inventory was conducted in 2014 through the “Love Your Lake” program. This project would expand on the previous inventory and provide additional recommendations regarding how to best address the problem areas on the site. This report will give final recommendations on the course of action best suited for the shoreline at the Windy Pine Conference Centre.</text>
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                <text>Climate change is rapidly altering the world and has a direct impact on human health. Health systems must, therefore, be equipped to handle these changing health needs and be able to adapt as the climate continues to change. Primary care providers are in a unique position to both administer and promote healthcare. When primary care providers and public health units work in collaboration, the health impacts of climate change may be managed with increased effectiveness and adaptability. A literature review was conducted to gather literature on paramedic, emergency department, and family physician adaptations to the health impacts on climate change, with special consideration given to vulnerable populations and public health unit collaborations. The primary care providers researched could all benefit from formalized climate change education and training as it relates to human health. They may also be able to facilitate better health adaptations to climate change, with public health units, by participating in data collection to assess the current health impacts of climate change within a given jurisdiction. Promotion of safe health practices regarding climate change is another way primary care providers and public health units can collaborate to adaptively manage climate change health impacts. There are a number of vulnerable populations to climate change health impacts, including those of low socioeconomic status, children and infants, and the elderly. Overall, a lack of Canadian literature on climate change health impacts demonstrates a need to conduct further research domestically, and to assist public health units in their research.</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this study is to gather evidence-based information on the lesser studied mental health effects of climate change. The study will consider what are the mental health impacts of climate change as they relate to being affected by extreme weather, economic impacts, and eco-anxiety, and what populations are most vulnerable to these impacts.This report serves as a scoping document on the mental health impacts of climate change and further research is required on the Haliburton, Kawartha, Pine Ridge District Health Unit region specifically.</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this project is to perform a policy scan to review, analyze and report on current municipal policies within the Haliburton Kawartha Pine Ridge district in order to identify policy gaps and opportunities regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as provide recommendations on how to address these issues.Throughout this policy scan, it was found that many municipalities have made mentions of climate change and its impacts on the environment. However more focus can be put on the connection between climate change and human health because climate change is a pressing threat to human health and may be addressed through municipal policies.</text>
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                <text>Wetlands are a vital part of Canada's, especially Haliburton County's local natural heritage, thus The Haliburton Highlands Land Trust is working to maintain these important habitats. The purpose of this report is to identify five main types of wetlands in this geography and demonstrate how important they are to wildlife and humans alike. Management strategies are explored for each specific type of wetland and recommendations as to how the Land Trust can protect these areas while utilizing there natural beauty is explored.</text>
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                <text>Lake Kashawigamog, with over 2000 acres of water, is the central lake in a five lake chain that although surrounded by deciduous and coniferous forest, has its shoreline developed by cottages and resorts. The purpose of this project is to identify the threat of invasive species, their concentration to help improve future water quality management plans for The Lake Kashawigamog Organization (LKO). Six invasive species were recorded using a number of different sampling methods.  After reviewing the threat of each individual invading species, recommendations are made on how to properly proceed with managing each of the invasive species in order to maintain a healthy lakes system.&#13;
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                <text>Optimizing Spent Brewer’s Grain as an Effective Soil Amendment</text>
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                <text>Emily Stratford</text>
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                <text>Karen Thompson, Geography</text>
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                <text>Haliburton</text>
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                <text>Soil health is vital to global ecosystem functions, as well as the production and sustainability of food crops (Doran, 2002). With many stressors weighing on this critical component of the Earth’s biosphere, developing sustainable management strategies that increase soil organic matter is crucial. Abbey Gardens is an organization that aims to employ sustainable management strategies to revive a spent gravel pit into a thriving ecological and economically abundant community hub (“Abbey Gardens”, 2019). This research is aimed to determine how to optimize the use of on-site Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) to amend Abbey Gardens soil. This was done through measuring several key soil health characteristics including LOI, wet aggregate stability, pH, conductivity, germination success, and leaf count of various amendment concentrations applied to soil. While the amendment did improve some soil health characteristics, further research including field trials will help to hone in on the best usage strategy to increase crop yields in gardens.</text>
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                <text>This document explores various methods and their implications for parking lot design, exploring a combination of new techniques, technology, and up to-date methods that are all functional, self-sustainable, environmentally friendly, and affordable. The study was based on Haliburton Forest and Wild Life Reserve parking lot located at 1095 Redkenn Road, Haliburton, Ontario,Canada. The purpose of this study was to research strategies and methods to achieve a ‘green’ parking lot design and entrance space in rural areas. The main designs and methods researched were rain gardens, drainage, and bioretention; other ideas such as signage will also be explored, and a supporting case study will be referenced.</text>
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                <text>The Barnum Creek, Dahl Forest and Barry Wetland properties of Haliburton Highlands Land Trust are valuable habitats for species that require wetlands, now more than ever due to the rapid decrease in wetlands in Canada over recent years, especially in Ontario (Eamer et al., 2010). The aim of this paper is to use a literature review to identify species-at-risk that could be found within these wetlands, describe their characteristics and habitat requirements, and to outline some recommendations for managing their habitat . It was found that there could possibly be 10 species-at-risk within these locations, those being: Bank Swallows (Riparia riparia), Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica), Blanding’s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera), Least Bitterns (Ixobrychus exilis), Little Brown Myotis’ (Myotis lucifigus), Rusty Blackbirds (Euphagus carolinus), Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina), Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata), and Western Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris triseriata). The main management recommendations are to where possible, protect and maintain upland habitat surrounding wetlands from disturbance, especially clear-cut logging, and to carefully plan development so as to not degrade or fragment the wetland environments.</text>
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                <text>Haliburton County</text>
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                <text>This report will provide information and guidance to the Haliburton Highlands Land Trust (HHLT) on determining which surveying tools are most suitable for long-term monitoring of biodiversity within the 5 listed nature reserves. The following will be identified for each nature reserve: &lt;br /&gt;◊ Background &lt;br /&gt;◊ Ecology &lt;br /&gt;◊ Significant Identified Species &lt;br /&gt;◊ Species at Risk &lt;br /&gt;◊ Identified Eco-sites &lt;br /&gt;◊ Bio-indicators &lt;br /&gt;◊ Surveying &amp;amp; Monitoring Tools &lt;br /&gt;◊ Resources &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This report will aid in fulfilling the following goals as stated by the HHLT: &lt;br /&gt;◊ Understand the range of possibilities for surveying and monitoring natural areas and the extent of such experiences in Ontario &lt;br /&gt;◊ Identify the information available and needed to design surveys and monitoring programs using permanent sample plots for Ontario natural areas &lt;br /&gt;◊ Explore options for a long-term partnership between Trent</text>
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                <text>Social and Ecological Carrying Capacity of Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park</text>
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                <text>Jenna Layng</text>
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                <text>Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park</text>
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                <text>Cheryl McKenna Neuman - Geography</text>
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                <text>TP-4805</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this project is to develop a social and environmental capacity evaluation for recreational backcountry camping in Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park. This project provides an evaluation for a sustainable number of campers per campsite and sustainable group sizes in the backcountry. Ultimately, this project will aid the park stewards to understand all the impacts of camping in the Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park and the types of approaches that may be applied to minimize the impact on the natural environment. However, an approved management plan is required before the park can be fully operational and for its long term management. Therefore, this project will also seek to provide recommendations and supports that a management plan is required for the future of Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park and to ensure sustainable practices are carried out in the park.</text>
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        <name>Jenna Layng</name>
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                <text>TP_4834 To Go or To Stay? Rural Impacts on the&#13;
Perceptions of “Failure to Launch” Youth</text>
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                <text>Breanne Kenna</text>
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                <text>Failure to launch is an increasingly significant issue youth are currently experiencing due to delays in economic independency. Failure to launch involves not being able to leave your community, or leaving and having to come back. The concept of failure to launch goes hand in hand with lifecycle milestones disruptions. Lifecycle milestones are important events in a youth’s life that impact their development, which can be disrupted due to a lack of resources. A review of the literature and re-analysis of a research study conducted in 2013 consisting of interviews with rural youth in the Haliburton County, City of Kawartha Lake, and Peterborough County about migration decisions was conducted. The current research project will determine how failure to launch and lifecycle milestone disruptions are impacting today’s youth, families, and communities.&#13;
The impacts of failure to launch and lifecycle milestone disruptions are particularly relevant in a rural setting, and the current research project will look specifically at how these phenomena can be addressed in Haliburton County. The impacts found during the research consist of mental health issues, family strain, financial distress, long lasting effects on the economy, and diminishing rural youth population. All these impacts need to be addressed to mitigate the impact failure to launch is having on rural communities. The report will end with recommendations on how to mitigate failure to launch specifically in Haliburton County.</text>
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        <name>Sharon Beaucage-Johnson</name>
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        <name>Social Capital</name>
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        <name>Social Inclusion</name>
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                <text>Calcium Decline, Impacts and Potential Mitigation Efforts in Kawagama Lake</text>
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                <text>Roshelle Chan, Marissa Pucci, Ankit Tripathi</text>
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                <text>Kawagama Lake Cottagers Association, Adam Pifko</text>
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                <text>Shaun Watmough, Environmental and Resource Science/Studies</text>
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                <text>Calcium is an essential nutrient vital for physiological and structural processes of living species. Over the past two decades, calcium decline has emerged as a stressor for softwater lakes across North America and Europe.Calcium decline is a legacy of long-term acid deposition and can be further exacerbated by timber harvesting and subsequent forest re-growth. Calcium decline affects aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; adverse impacts include extirpation of calcium-rich keystone species, dominance of calcium-poor competitors, food web changes, and increased algal blooms. Potential mitigation strategies include catchment-based forest management plans, use of wood ash and lime in forests, application of dust suppressants, and in-stream liming. Each strategy varies in effectiveness, cost, and length of time required for results to be realized. Due to growing concern among members of the KLCA community, a literature review was conducted in efforts to increase awareness regarding calcium decline in Kawagama Lake in Haliburton, Ontario, and surrounding freshwater lakes in the region. Before selecting a method for mitigation, it is important to understand both the background of calcium decline and the biological interconnectedness between aquatic and terrestrial environments. This report describes the mechanisms responsible for calcium decline, the ecological effects associated with calcium decline, and possible mitigation efforts that may be used to prevent further decline in lake calcium concentrations.</text>
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                <text>There has been noticeable damage occurring to the trees along the shoreline of Head Lake and Rotary Park, so a plan was developed for recommendations on the best ways to maintain sustainable tree development at Head Lake Park. The research will address the following questions: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• What tree damage and loss is occurring along the shoreline in the park, and what are the possible causes? &lt;br /&gt;• What species of trees currently exist on the shoreline in the park?&lt;br /&gt;• How can the existing trees be protected from further damage and loss? &lt;br /&gt;• What is the recommended species and management plan for future sustainable tree maintenance in the park? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To answer these questions, a field study was developed to assess the current state of the shoreline trees and included assessments of tree damage, tree species, tree density, tree health and the quality of the soil. This project will examine the extent of the damage that has been inflicted on the trees along the shoreline at Head Lake Park and provide recommendations based on the field observations, laboratory and literary analysis.</text>
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                <text>Proposed Trail for Eastern Bluebird Nesting and Monitoring in Haliburton, Ontario</text>
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                <text>The Haliburton Highlands Field Naturalists (HHFN) requested recommendations on constructing an eastern bluebird nesting and monitoring trail along Gelert Road from Haliburton to Minden Hills, Ontario. Gelert Road has 39 potential site locations that would be ideal to place nesting boxes on, located in grassland, farmland and well maintained private yards. The sites are placed along private land and once approved, would be accessible to volunteers monitoring the nesting boxes. The boxes should be easy and economical to build and mount. They should have a 3.81cm entrance hole with grooves on the outside of the box to allow the fledglings to leave the nest. The boxes should be placed at least 92 m apart, facing southeast in open areas with little ground cover. They should be numbered and monitored approximately every 4-5 days during egg laying, incubating and nesting periods. Monitoring should be completed from a distance once the fledglings are 12-13 days old in order to prevent them from leaving the nest prematurely. Detailed monitoring records should be kept and filed through HHFN. To increase feasibility of this trail, high school students, community members and HHFN members can come together to speak with landowners, build, place and monitor nesting boxes.</text>
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                <text>Banning of single use PET water bottles has become a growing trend across Canada (Jerema, 2010). There are several reasons as to why this trend has continued to grow, with the bulk of them surrounding the environmental impacts of the PET bottle. The utilization of single-use plastic water bottles is not a sustainable option as it can lead to water shortages since the manufacturing process for a single 1L bottle of water consumes 3-5L of water (The Council of Canadians, 2014). Furthermore, the manufacturing and transportation of single-use PET water bottles is significantly contributing to climate change as they require a massive amount of fossil fuel to produce the plastic and generate significant greenhouse gas emissions to transport (The Council of Canadians, 2014). Another issue associated with single-use plastic bottles and why banning their sales is becoming more significant is that a large number are ending up in landfills, which is resulting in a loss of landfill spaces as well as the loss of the resources that have gone into the production process (The Council of Canadians, 2014). Through the implementation of a ban of single-use water bottle sales in municipal spaces, the municipality can improve their ecological footprint and ultimately become one of the Blue Communities in Canada (The Council of Canadians, 2014) should they desire to take this step.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The objective of this report is to provide information to support the Municipality of Dysart et al’s desire to ban the sale of plastic-bottled water in its municipal buildings and public spaces along with the provision of suitable alternatives and appropriate communication, education and engagement to ensure the public is aware of and adopts the use of these alternatives.</text>
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